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Electronics can face sudden voltage jumps. Lightning can send big pulses through power lines. Turning a motor on or off can make spikes. Static shock can hit data lines. A TVS diode blocks these pulses. It turns on fast. It moves extra voltage to ground. It then turns off. This keeps parts safe and helps devices last.
What Is a TVS Diode?
A TVS diode is a diode that blocks fast voltage spikes. It stays off at normal voltage. It turns on if voltage goes above its limit. It moves extra energy away from parts. Then it turns off again.
A spike can break a chip or harm insulation. It can make a device fail now or later. A TVS diode lowers that risk. It helps pass static discharge tests.
How TVS Diodes Work
The diode has a junction that stays off until voltage hits a set level. At that level the junction lets current flow. The diode then has low resistance. The surge goes to ground or back to the power rail. After the surge the junction stops conducting. The diode can do this many times without damage.
The data sheet shows key numbers. Standoff voltage shows the max normal voltage. Breakdown voltage shows when it conducts. Clamping voltage shows the voltage during a surge. Peak pulse current shows how much energy it can take. Response time shows how fast it works.
There are three spike types. ESD shocks are very short. Lightning surges last longer. Switching spikes come from loads on or off.
Where to Use TVS Diodes
Use a TVS diode at places that see spikes. On USB or HDMI ports it blocks static from I/O pins. On a car’s 12 V rail it stops alternator kickback. On a telecom 48 V line it guards against power swings. On fast data lines pick a low-capacitance diode so signals stay clean. Place it at the connector or power entry.
Picking the Right TVS Diode
Pick a diode that matches your circuit. Choose standoff voltage above your normal supply. Pick peak pulse current for the worst surge. Check clamping voltage so parts stay safe. For fast data check diode capacitance. Check breakdown voltage tolerance.
Look for test ratings in the data sheet. One test shows standard surge. One test shows ESD. These prove the diode works.
If you need to block pulses both ways use a bidirectional diode. If you only need to block one way use a unidirectional diode.
Conclusion
A TVS diode blocks spikes in a split second. It moves extra energy away then stops conduction. It protects parts and keeps data safe. Add a TVS diode at power rails, data lines, or any spot that sees spikes. Your circuits will last longer and run safe.
FAQ
What is a TVS diode?
A TVS diode, or Transient Voltage Suppression diode, is a component that protects electronic circuits from voltage spikes.
How does a TVS diode work?
It conducts current when a voltage spike occurs, clamping the voltage to a safe level and protecting other components.
Where are TVS diodes used?
They are used in power supplies, communication ports, automotive electronics, USB lines, and any sensitive circuitry needing surge protection.
What is the difference between unidirectional and bidirectional TVS diodes?
Unidirectional TVS diodes protect against spikes in one direction, while bidirectional types protect in both directions. Bidirectional TVS diodes are often used in AC or bidirectional signal lines.
Can a TVS diode be reused after a surge?
Yes, if the surge is within its rated limit. However, repeated surges or one large event beyond its capability may damage it.
Is a TVS diode the same as a Zener diode?
No. While both have similar clamping behavior, a TVS diode is designed to respond very quickly to transient voltages, whereas a Zener diode is used for voltage regulation.
